Grand Chess Tour 2024

Grand Chess Tour
2024
	2024 Grand Chess Tour winner Alireza Firouzja
Tournament information
Dates	May 6–August 31, 2024
Host(s)	Warsaw; Bucharest; Zagreb; St. Louis
Final positions
Champion	Alireza Firouzja
Runner-up	Fabiano Caruana
3rd place	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave
Tournament statistics
Most tournament titles	Alireza Firouzja ; Fabiano Caruana (2)
Prize money leader	Alireza Firouzja ($323,750)
Points leader	Alireza Firouzja (43.58)

The Grand Chess Tour 2024 was a series of chess tournaments, which was the ninth edition of the Grand Chess Tour. It consisted of five tournaments with a total prize pool of US$1.4 million, including two tournaments with classical time control and three tournaments with faster time controls.^[1]^[2]

Format

The tour featured five tournaments, two classicals and three rapid & blitz, respectively. Rapid & Blitz tournaments consisted of two parts – rapid (2 points for win, 1 for draw) and blitz (1 point for win, 0.5 for draw). Combined result for both portions will count in overall standings.^[3]

The tour points are to be awarded as follows:

Place	Tour Points	Classical prize money	Rapid & Blitz prize money	GCT Tour bonuses
1st	12/13*	$100,000	$40,000	$100,000
2nd	10	$65,000	$30,000	$50,000
3rd	8	$48,000	$25,000	$25,000
4th	7	$32,000	$20,000
5th	6	$26,000	$15,000
6th	5	$21,000	$11,000
7th	4	$18,500	$10,000
8th	3	$16,000	$9,000
9th	2	$13,000	$8,000
10th	1	$10,500	$7,000

If a player wins 1st place outright (without the need for a playoff), they are awarded 13 points instead of 12.
Tour points and prize money are shared equally between tied players.

Lineup

The lineup for the tour consisted of nine players, including the defending GCT champion Fabiano Caruana.^[4] The 2024 edition is marked by participation of several teenage grandmasters – World Chess Championship 2024 challenger Gukesh D, Candidates Tournament 2024 participant R Praggnanandhaa and World Rapid Chess Championship 2021 winner Nodirbek Abdusattorov.^[5] Among notable absentees are reigning World Chess Champion Ding Liren, highest rated player in the world Magnus Carlsen and Hikaru Nakamura. However, they are announced as wildcards for certain events.^[6]

Player	Country	FIDE Rating (February 2024)
Fabiano Caruana	United States	2804
Alireza Firouzja	France	2760
Wesley So	United States	2757
Gukesh Dommaraju	India	2743
Nodirbek Abdusattorov	Uzbekistan	2744
Ian Nepomniachtchi	FIDE^[a]	2758
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave	France	2732
Anish Giri	Netherlands	2762
R Praggnanandhaa	India	2747

Results

Tournament results

Dates	Tournament Name	Format	Host city	Winner	Runner-Up	Third Place
May 6–13, 2024	Superbet Rapid & Blitz Poland	Rapid & blitz	Warsaw	Magnus Carlsen (WC)	Wei Yi (WC)	Jan-Krzysztof Duda (WC)
June 24–July 6, 2024	Superbet Chess Classic Romania	Classical	Bucharest	Fabiano Caruana	Alireza Firouzja Gukesh Dommaraju R Praggnanandhaa	–
July 8–15, 2024	SuperUnited Rapid & Blitz Croatia	Rapid & blitz	Zagreb	Fabiano Caruana	Wesley So Alireza Firouzja Maxime Vachier-Lagrave	–
August 10–17, 2024	Saint Louis Rapid & Blitz	Rapid & blitz	St. Louis	Alireza Firouzja	Wesley So	Hikaru Nakamura (WC)
August 19–29, 2024	Sinquefield Cup	Classical	St. Louis	Alireza Firouzja	Fabiano Caruana	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave Nodirbek Abdusattorov

Tour rankings

The wildcards (in italics) are not counted in overall standings.

	Player	POL	ROU	CRO	STL	SIN	Total points	Prize money
1	Alireza Firouzja (France)	—	9.25	8.33	13	13	43.58	$323,750
2	Fabiano Caruana (United States)	—	9.25	13	4.5	10	36.75	$234,250
3	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (France)	—	5	8.33	6.5	7.5	27.33	$129,333
4	Wesley So (United States)	—	2.5	8.33	10	5	25.83	$91,333
5	R Praggnanandhaa (India)	7	9.25	—	1	5	22.25	$107,583
6	Gukesh Dommaraju (India)	1	9.25	4	—	5	19.25	$97,583
T-7	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	—	5	6	4.5	2.5	18	$61,833
T-7	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (Uzbekistan)	5	2.5	—	3	7.5	18	$74,500
9	Anish Giri (Netherlands)	3	5	3	—	1	12	$50,333
	Magnus Carlsen (Norway)	13	—	—	—	—	13	$40,000
	Levon Aronian (United States)	—	—	5	6.5	—	11.5	$28,500
	Wei Yi (China)	10	—	—	—	—	10	$30,000
	Jan-Krzysztof Duda (Poland)	8	—	—	—	—	8	$25,000
	Hikaru Nakamura (United States)	—	—	—	8	—	8	$25,000
	Arjun Erigaisi (India)	6	—	—	—	—	6	$15,000
	Kirill Shevchenko (Romania)	4	—	—	—	—	4	$10,000
	Ding Liren (China)	—	—	—	—	2.5	2.5	$14,500
	Vincent Keymer (Germany)	2	—	—	—	—	2	$8,000
	Vidit Gujrathi (India)	—	—	2	—	—	2	$8,000
	Leinier Domínguez (United States)	—	—	—	2	—	2	$8,000
	Bogdan-Daniel Deac (Romania)	—	1	—	—	—	1	$10,500
	Ivan Šarić (Croatia)	—	—	1	—	—	1	$7,000

Tournaments

Superbet Rapid and Blitz Poland

The first leg of the Grand Chess Tour was held in Warsaw, Poland from May 8 to 13, 2024. Wei Yi was the winner of the rapid portion.^[8] Albeit in consecutive years, Magnus Carlsen won the blitz portion and was the overall winner of the tournament.^[9]

2024 GCT Superbet Rapid & Blitz Poland, May 8–13 Warsaw, Poland
	Player	Rapid	Blitz	Total	Tour Points	Prize money	Circuit
1	Magnus Carlsen (NOR)	12	14	26	WC (13)	$40,000	14.43
2	Wei Yi (CHN)	13	12½	25½	WC (10)	$30,000	10.50
3	Jan-Krzysztof Duda (POL)	9	10½	19½	WC (8)	$25,000	9.18
4	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	10	9	19	7	$20,000
5	Arjun Erigaisi (IND)	8	10	18	WC (6)	$15,000
6	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	8	9½	17½	5	$11,000
7	Kirill Shevchenko (ROU)	9	6	15	WC (4)	$10,000
8	Anish Giri (NED)	7	7	14	3	$9,000
9	Vincent Keymer (GER)	7	6	13	WC (2)	$8,000
10	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	7	5½	12½	1	$7,000

2024 GCT Superbet Rapid & Blitz Poland – Rapid, May 8–10 Warsaw, Poland^[10]
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points
1	Wei Yi (CHN)	2758	Does not appear	0	1	2	2	1	2	1	2	2	13
2	Magnus Carlsen (NOR)	2828	2	Does not appear	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	12
3	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	2704	1	1	Does not appear	0	1	1	2	2	2	0	10
4	Kirill Shevchenko (ROU)	2622	0	1	2	Does not appear	1	0	1	2	0	2	9
5	Jan-Krzysztof Duda (POL)	2748	0	1	1	1	Does not appear	2	1	0	1	2	9
6	Arjun Erigaisi (IND)	2671	1	1	1	2	0	Does not appear	1	0	1	1	8
7	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	2733	0	0	0	1	1	1	Does not appear	1	2	2	8
8	Vincent Keymer (GER)	2647	1	0	0	0	2	2	1	Does not appear	1	0	7
9	Anish Giri (NED)	2687	0	1	0	2	1	1	0	1	Does not appear	1	7
10	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	2649	0	1	2	0	0	1	0	2	1	Does not appear	7

2024 GCT Superbet Rapid & Blitz Poland – Blitz, May 11–12 Warsaw, Poland^[11]
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points
1	Magnus Carlsen (NOR)	2886	Does not appear	½ 1	½ 1	1 ½	0 1	0 1	1 ½	1 1	1 1	1 1	14
2	Wei Yi (CHN)	2684	½ 0	Does not appear	1 0	1 1	1 1	1 0	1 1	1 ½	1 ½	0 1	12½
3	Jan-Krzysztof Duda (POL)	2766	½ 0	0 1	Does not appear	0 1	1 0	0 ½	½ 1	1 1	1 1	0 1	10½
4	Arjun Erigaisi (IND)	2744	0 ½	0 0	1 0	Does not appear	1 ½	1 1	½ 1	1 0	½ 1	1 0	10
5	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	2661	1 0	0 0	0 1	0 ½	Does not appear	½ 1	½ 0	1 1	½ 1	1 ½	9½
6	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	2675	1 0	0 1	1 ½	0 0	½ 0	Does not appear	0 1	1 0	0 1	1 1	9
7	Anish Giri (NED)	2715	0 ½	0 0	½ 0	½ 0	½ 1	1 0	Does not appear	0 ½	½ 1	½ ½	7
8	Kirill Shevchenko (ROU)	2546	0 0	0 ½	0 0	0 1	0 0	0 1	1 ½	Does not appear	0 1	1 0	6
9	Vincent Keymer (GER)	2610	0 0	0 ½	0 0	½ 0	½ 0	1 0	½ 0	1 0	Does not appear	1 1	6
10	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	2651	0 0	1 0	1 0	0 1	0 ½	0 0	½ ½	0 1	0 0	Does not appear	5½

Superbet Romania Chess Classic

The second leg of the Grand Chess Tour was held in Bucharest, Romania from June 25–5 July, 2024.^[12]

2024 GCT Superbet Chess Classic, June 25–5 July Bucharest, Romania, Category XX (2750)
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points	TB	Tour Points	Prize money	Circuit
1	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	2805	Does not appear	1	½	½	0	½	½	½	½	1	5	3	9.25	$68,750	21.23
T-2	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	2737	0	Does not appear	½	½	½	½	½	1	1	½	5	2	9.25	$58,750	14.70
T-2	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	2763	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	½	½	½	½	1	5	1	9.25	$58,750	14.70
T-2	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	2747	½	½	½	Does not appear	1	½	½	½	½	½	5	0	9.25	$58,750	14.70
T-5	Anish Giri (NED)	2745	1	½	½	0	Does not appear	½	½	½	½	½	4½		5	$21,833
T-5	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	2732	½	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	½	½	4½		5	$21,833
T-5	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	2770	½	½	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	½	4½		5	$21,833
T-8	Wesley So (USA)	2757	½	0	½	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	4		2.5	$14,500
T-8	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	2766	½	0	½	½	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	½	4		2.5	$14,500
10	Bogdan-Daniel Deac (ROU)	2680	0	½	0	½	½	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	3½		WC (1)	$10,500

First place playoff
Place	Player	Rapid rating	1	2	3	4	Score
1	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	2738	Does not appear	1	1	1	3
2	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	2724	0	Does not appear	1	1	2
3	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	2647	0	0	Does not appear	1	1
4	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	2709	0	0	0	Does not appear	0

Zagreb Rapid & Blitz

2024 GCT Rapid & Blitz Croatia, July 9–14 Zagreb, Croatia
	Player	Rapid	Blitz	Total	Tour Points	Prize money	Circuit
1	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	15	12	27	13	$40,000	13.92
T–2	Wesley So (USA)	12	11	23	8.33	$25,000	6.33
T–2	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	10	13	23	8.33	$25,000	6.33
T–2	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	10	13	23	8.33	$25,000	6.33
5	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	10	8½	18½	6	$15,000
6	Levon Aronian (USA)	11	6	17	WC (5)	$11,000
7	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	9	5	14	4	$10,000
8	Anish Giri (NED)	6	7½	13½	3	$9,000
9	Vidit Gujrathi (IND)	4	7	11	WC (2)	$8,000
10	Ivan Šarić (CRO)	3	7	10	WC (1)	$7,000

2024 GCT Rapid & Blitz Croatia – Rapid, July 10–12 Zagreb, Croatia
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points
1	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	2738	Does not appear	1	2	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	15
2	Wesley So (USA)	2722	1	Does not appear	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	2	12
3	Levon Aronian (USA)	2750	0	1	Does not appear	1	1	0	2	2	2	2	11
4	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	2754	1	1	1	Does not appear	1	1	0	1	2	2	10
5	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	2724	1	1	1	1	Does not appear	1	1	2	0	2	10
6	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	2747	0	1	2	1	1	Does not appear	0	1	2	2	10
7	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	2647	0	0	0	2	1	2	Does not appear	1	1	2	9
8	Anish Giri (NED)	2679	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	Does not appear	1	1	6
9	Vidit Gujrathi (IND)	2701	0	0	0	0	2	0	1	1	Does not appear	0	4
10	Ivan Šarić (CRO)	2614	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	Does not appear	3

2024 GCT Rapid & Blitz Croatia – Blitz, July 13–14 Zagreb, Croatia
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points
1	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	2863	Does not appear	½ 0	1 1	0 1	1 1	1 1	1 1	0 1	1 1	½ 0	13
2	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	2764	½ 1	Does not appear	½ ½	½ ½	0 0	1 1	1 1	1 ½	1 1	1 1	13
3	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	2777	0 0	½ ½	Does not appear	1 0	0 1	½ 1	1 ½	1 1	1 1	1 1	12
4	Wesley So (USA)	2773	1 0	½ ½	0 1	Does not appear	1 ½	0 1	½ 1	1 1	½ ½	0 1	11
5	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	2800	0 0	1 1	1 0	0 ½	Does not appear	½ ½	0 1	1 0	0 ½	1 ½	8½
6	Anish Giri (NED)	2689	0 0	0 0	½ 0	1 0	½ ½	Does not appear	½ ½	½ ½	½ 1	1 ½	7½
7	Ivan Šarić (CRO)	2601	0 0	0 0	0 ½	½ 0	1 0	½ ½	Does not appear	½ 1	1 1	0 ½	7
8	Vidit Gujrathi (IND)	2657	1 0	0 ½	0 0	0 0	0 1	½ ½	½ 0	Does not appear	½ ½	1 1	7
9	Levon Aronian (USA)	2766	0 0	0 0	0 0	½ ½	1 ½	½ 0	0 0	½ ½	Does not appear	1 1	6
10	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	2627	½ 1	0 0	0 0	1 0	0 ½	0 ½	1 ½	0 0	0 0	Does not appear	5

Saint Louis Rapid & Blitz

2024 Saint Louis Rapid & Blitz, August 10–17 St. Louis, Missouri, United States
	Player	Rapid	Blitz	Total	Tour Points	Prize money	Circuit
1	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	11	12	23	13	$40,000	14.60
2	Wesley So (USA)	9	11	20	10	$30,000	10.62
3	Hikaru Nakamura (USA)	9	10½	19½	WC (8)	$25,000	9.29
T–4	Levon Aronian (USA)	10	9	19	WC (6.5)	$17,500
T–4	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	11	8	19	6.5	$17,500
T–6	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	8	10	18	4.5	$10,500
T–6	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	11	7	18	4.5	$10,500
8	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	8	8	16	3	$9,000
9	Leinier Domínguez (USA)	9	6½	15½	WC (2)	$8,000
10	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	4	8	12	1	$7,500

2024 GCT Saint Louis Rapid & Blitz – Rapid
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points
1	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	2753	Does not appear	2	2	0	1	1	2	1	0	2	11
2	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	2731	0	Does not appear	1	1	2	2	1	2	1	1	11
3	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	2747	0	1	Does not appear	1	1	1	2	2	1	2	11
4	Levon Aronian (USA)	2754	2	1	1	Does not appear	1	1	1	0	2	1	10
5	Wesley So (USA)	2735	1	0	1	1	Does not appear	1	1	2	1	1	9
6	Hikaru Nakamura (USA)	2746	1	0	1	1	1	Does not appear	1	0	2	2	9
7	Leinier Domínguez (USA)	2693	0	1	0	1	1	1	Does not appear	1	2	2	9
8	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	2732	1	0	0	2	0	2	1	Does not appear	1	1	8
9	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	2777	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	Does not appear	2	8
10	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	2688	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	Does not appear	4

2024 GCT Saint Louis Rapid & Blitz – Blitz
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points
1	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	2869	Does not appear	1 ½	1 ½	½ 0	0 ½	½ 1	½ 1	1 0	1 1	1 1	12
2	Wesley So (USA)	2782	0 ½	Does not appear	1 0	1 ½	1 1	½ ½	1 0	1 ½	½ ½	1 ½	11
3	Hikaru Nakamura (USA)	2874	0 ½	0 1	Does not appear	0 ½	1 0	½ 1	0 1	1 1	1 1	1 0	10½
4	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	2795	½ 1	0 ½	1 ½	Does not appear	1 1	½ ½	1 0	1 0	0 1	0 ½	10
5	Levon Aronian (USA)	2727	1 ½	0 0	0 1	0 0	Does not appear	1 ½	1 ½	1 0	0 ½	1 1	9
6	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	2795	½ 0	½ ½	½ 0	½ ½	0 ½	Does not appear	1 1	1 0	0 1	½ 0	8
7	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	2693	½ 0	0 1	1 0	0 1	0 ½	0 0	Does not appear	0 1	1 1	0 1	8
8	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	2669	0 1	0 ½	0 0	0 1	0 1	0 1	1 0	Does not appear	0 1	1 ½	8
9	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	2777	0 0	½ ½	0 0	1 0	1 ½	1 0	0 0	1 0	Does not appear	½ 1	7
10	Leinier Domínguez (USA)	2651	0 0	0 ½	0 1	1 ½	0 0	½ 1	1 0	0 ½	½ 0	Does not appear	6½

Sinquefield Cup

2024 GCT Sinquefield Cup, August 19–29 St. Louis, Missouri, United States, Category XXI (2755)
	Player	Rating	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Points	Tour Points	Prize money	Circuit
1	Alireza Firouzja (FRA)	2751	Does not appear	1	½	½	½	½	½	1	½	1	6	13	$100,000	28.67
2	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	2793	0	Does not appear	½	1	½	½	½	½	1	1	5½	10	$65,000	20.85
T–3	Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (FRA)	2721	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	½	½	1	½	½	5	7.5	$40,000	9.12
T–3	Nodirbek Abdusattorov (UZB)	2762	½	0	½	Does not appear	½	½	1	½	1	½	5	7.5	$40,000	9.12
T–5	Gukesh Dommaraju (IND)	2766	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	½	½	½	4½	5	$21,833
T–5	R Praggnanandhaa (IND)	2749	½	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	½	½	4½	5	$21,833
T–5	Wesley So (USA)	2751	½	½	½	0	½	½	Does not appear	½	1	½	4½	5	$21,833
T–8	Ding Liren (CHN)	2745	0	½	0	½	½	½	½	Does not appear	½	½	3½	WC (2.5)	$14,500
T–8	Ian Nepomniachtchi (FIDE)	2767	½	0	½	0	½	½	0	½	Does not appear	1	3½	2.5	$14,500
10	Anish Giri (NED)	2746	0	0	½	½	½	½	½	½	0	Does not appear	3	1	$10,500

References

^ "2024 Grand Chess Tour Overview".
^ "The Grand Chess Tour Returns In 2024". February 23, 2024.
^ "2024 GCT Tour Regulations" (PDF).
^ "2024 Grand Chess Tour".
^ "Gukesh, Praggnanandhaa, Abdusattorov Join 2024 Grand Chess Tour". February 24, 2024.
^ "Grand Chess Tour announces wildcards and full-tour lineup". April 7, 2024.
^ FIDE Condemns Military Action; Takes Measures Against Russia, Belarus, chess.com, February 28, 2022
^ "Wei Yi Wins Rapid, Carlsen Still Unbeaten". May 11, 2024.
^ "Magnus Carlsen defeats all 9 players in a row to win Superbet Rapid and Blitz Poland event". May 12, 2024.
^ "Superbet Poland Rapid Tournament". May 12, 2024.
^ "Superbet Poland Blitz Tournament". May 12, 2024.
^ "2024 Superbet Romania Chess Classic". June 9, 2024.

Notes

^ Nepomniachtchi is Russian, but plays under the FIDE flag due to FIDE banning Russian and Belarusian flags from FIDE-rated events in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[7]

[1] "2024 Grand Chess Tour Overview".

[2] "The Grand Chess Tour Returns In 2024". February 23, 2024.

[3] "2024 GCT Tour Regulations" (PDF).

[4] "2024 Grand Chess Tour".

[5] "Gukesh, Praggnanandhaa, Abdusattorov Join 2024 Grand Chess Tour". February 24, 2024.

[6] "Grand Chess Tour announces wildcards and full-tour lineup". April 7, 2024.

[7] FIDE Condemns Military Action; Takes Measures Against Russia, Belarus, chess.com, February 28, 2022

[9] "Wei Yi Wins Rapid, Carlsen Still Unbeaten". May 11, 2024.

[10] "Magnus Carlsen defeats all 9 players in a row to win Superbet Rapid and Blitz Poland event". May 12, 2024.

[11] "Superbet Poland Rapid Tournament". May 12, 2024.

[12] "Superbet Poland Blitz Tournament". May 12, 2024.

[13] "2024 Superbet Romania Chess Classic". June 9, 2024.

[flags24-8] Nepomniachtchi is Russian, but plays under the FIDE flag due to FIDE banning Russian and Belarusian flags from FIDE-rated events in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[7]

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[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[7]