List of special tribunals and courts
This is a list of special or exceptional tribunals and courts for the trying of people.[1] Sometimes, courts that do not try people but curtail political freedoms are also derogatorily called "special tribunals,"[2] as well as courts that establish a privileged jurisdiction for powerful individuals or the government.[3] List coverage is through history and worldwide.
- Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición (Spanish Empire, 1478–1834)
- Tribunal do Santo Ofício da Inquisição (Portuguese Empire, 1536–1821)
- Suprema Congregatio Sanctae Romanae et Universalis Inquisitionis (Papal States, 1542–1860)
- Revolutionary Tribunal (France, 1792–1795)
- Exchequer Court of Canada (Canada, 1875–1971)
- Canadian Human Rights Commission (Canada, 1977–)
- Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State (Italy, 1926–1943)
- Tribunais Militares Especiais (Portugal, 1932–1945)
- Sondergerichte (Germany, 1933–1945)
- People's Court (Germany) (Germany, 1934–1945)
- Special Tribunal for the Defense of the RSI State (Italy, 1943–1945)
- Tribunais Plenários (Portugal, 1945–1974)
- International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, occupied Germany, 1945–1946)
- International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo, occupied Japan, 1946–1948)
- Court of Parties (Egypt, 1977–)
- Tribunal de Orden Público (Spain, 1963–1977)
- Audiencia Nacional of Spain (Spain, 1977–)
- International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (The Hague, Netherlands, 1993–2017)
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Tanzania, 1994–2015)
- Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (Cambodja, 1997–2002)
- Special Court for Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone, 2002–2013)
- International Criminal Court (The Hague, Netherlands, 2002–present)
- Iraqi Special Tribunal (Iraq, 2003–2005; 2005–present as Iraqi High Tribunal, IHT, non-special tribunal)
- Special Tribunal for Lebanon (Leidschendam, Netherlands, 2009–2023)
- International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (Tanzania and the Netherlands, 2010–present)
- Special international tribunal for the crime of aggression (Russian invasion of Ukraine) (proposed, 2023)
See also
- International courts
- Political trial
- Show trial
- List of ad hoc international criminal courts
- List of impeachments of heads of state
- List of truth and reconciliation commissions
- Extraordinary courts
- Specialized courts
- A. V. Dicey's principle that people should not be judged by special courts.[1]
References
- ^ a b Laughland, John A history of political trials: from Charles I to Saddam Hussein, p.242
- ^ Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron (2008) Judges and political reform in Egypt p.221
- ^ Ian Bushnell The Federal Court of Canada: a history, 1875–1992, p.67