Sahu language

Sahu
Sahu
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Halmahera
Native speakers	(7,500 excluding Waioli and Gamkonora cited 1987); (12,000 cited in 1987)
Language family	West Papuan? North Halmahera Sahu Sahu; ; ;
Dialects	Waioli; Pa'disua; Gamkonora; Tala'i; Ibu †;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; saj – Sahu; ibu – Ibu
Glottolog	sahu1245 Sahu; ibuu1240 Ibu
ELP	Ibu

Sahu (Sa’u, Sahu’u, Sau) is a North Halmahera language. Use is vigorous; dialects are Pa’disua (Palisua), Tala’i, Waioli, and Gamkonora. A fifth dialect, Ibu, used to be spoken near the mouth of the Ibu River.^[2] Ethnologue considers Waioli and Gamkonora to be separate languages.

Sahu has many Ternate loanwords, a historical legacy of the dominance of the Ternate Sultanate in the Moluccas.^[3]

Phonology

Source:^[2]

Sahu, like other North Halmahera languages, is not a tonal language.

Consonants

Sahu consonant phonemes
		Labial	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tʃ		k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ		ɡ
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ	ʄ		ɠ
Fricative		f	s
Approximant	central	w			j		h
Approximant	lateral		l
Trill			r

When preceding /a/, /o/, and /u/, the consonants /d/, /ɗ/, and /l/ become retroflex (/ɖ/, /ᶑ/, and /ɭ/, respectively). The trill /r/ alternates freely with /ɾ/, but, according to Visser and Voorhoeve, /r/ is the more usual allophone. The glottal /h/ may be realized as /χ/ by educated speakers for certain words deriving from Arabic.

Vowels

Sahu vowel phonemes
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

The phoneme /ə/ is only found in loans (primarily from Indonesian).

References

^ Sahu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Ibu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b ^c Visser, L. E. and C.L. Voorhoeve. 1987. Sahu-Indonesian-English Dictionary and Sahu Grammar Sketch. Dordrecht: Foris.
^ Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

[e25-1] Sahu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Ibu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[sahu-grammar-sketch-2] Visser, L. E. and C.L. Voorhoeve. 1987. Sahu-Indonesian-English Dictionary and Sahu Grammar Sketch. Dordrecht: Foris.

[Holton-Birds-Head-3] Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

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