Paniai Lakes languages
| Paniai Lakes | |
|---|---|
| Wissel Lakes | |
| Geographic distribution | Paniai Lakes and highlands of Papua, Western New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | pani1259 |
The Paniai Lakes languages, also known as the Wissel Lakes or Wissel Lakes – Kemandoga River, are a small family of closely related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the Paniai Lakes region of the highlands of Western New Guinea in the Paniai Lakes region of Papua. Foley (2003) considers their Trans–New Guinea status to be established.
Languages
The languages are:[1]
They are most closely related to the Dani languages, Amung and Dem.[1]
Pronouns
Independent pronouns and possessive prefixes are:
singular dual plural 1 *ani, *na- *ina *ini, *ni- 2 *aka, *ka- *ika *iki 3 *oka, *e-
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from Larson & Larson (1972)[2] and Voorhoeve (1975),[3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[4]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. homa, huma for “stone”) or not (e.g. bodiya, usa for “fire”).
gloss Ekari
(Paniai Lake dialect)Ekari Moni
(Kemandoga dialect)Moni Wolani
(Upper Mbijandoga dialect)Wolani head migo muŋagi moto hair iyo mbagu elo eye peka seŋgamu nose juma jange juma tooth egó ego baga baga hego hego tongue etá dabe debegada leg bado bado louse uka uka amu amu uka uka dog dodi home kawino pig ekina wogo iŋgina bird bedo bedo beka bega bido bido egg nipo ŋgeda blood emo emo eka ega emo emo bone mitoo mitoo iwa iwa mitoo mitoo skin kadó kado ada ada ebada ebada breast ama ama ama tree pija piya bo bo pija piya man jame yame aka me me me sun meuka; tani tani emondani emondani dame dame moon agoo tinawi agoo water uwo uwo du du uwo uwo fire bodija bodiya usa usa bida bida stone mogo mogo homa ŋeda huma huma road, path itá kejako hindá name eka eka eje eze ekada ekada eat nai nai nuija nuya nona nona one ena; kate ena; kato hako hago naa naa two wijá wiya hija hiya wijá wiya
Evolution
Paniai Lakes reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[5]
- ama ‘breast’ < *amu
- benáî ‘arm’ < *mbena
- modo ‘belly’ < *mundun
- ama ‘breast’ < *amu
- kado ‘skin’ < *k(a,o)(nd,t)apu
- yame ‘louse’ < *niman
- mei- ‘come’ < *me
- wawa ‘father’ < *mbapa
- mana ‘speech, talk’ < *mana ‘instructions’
- tani ‘sun’ < *ketane
- ama ‘breast’ < *amu
- (duku)mudu ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘internal organs, belly’
- ada ‘skin’ < *k(a,o)(nd,t)apu
- pane ‘woman’ < *panV
- timu ‘night’ < *k(i,u)tuma
- homa ‘stone’ < *ka(mb,m)uCV
- usa ‘tree’ < *inda
- me- ‘come’ < *me-
References
- ^ a b NewGuineaWorld
- ^ Larson, Gordon F. & Larson, M.O. 1972. The Ekagi-Wodani-Moni Language family of West Irian. Irian, 1(3), pp. 80–95.
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.