Xokleng language
| Xokleng | |
|---|---|
| šokléng | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Santa Catarina |
| Ethnicity | Xokleng |
Native speakers | (760 cited 1998)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xok |
| Glottolog | xokl1240 |
| ELP | Xokleng |
Xokleng or Laklãnõ is a Southern Jê language (Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Xokleng people of Brazil. It is closely related to Kaingang.
Names
Alternate names are Socré, Chocré, Xocren, Bugre, Botocudo, Aweicoma, Cauuba, Caahans, Caagua, Caaigua.[2]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛ̃ | ɔ ɔ̃ | |
| Open | a ã |
- Vowel off-glides may also be present in word-final position.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||||
| Nasal | m ~ ᵐb | n ~ ⁿd | ɲ | ŋ ~ ᵑɡ | ŋʷ ~ ᵑɡʷ | ||
| Stop | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | ||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | ||||||
| Fricative | v ~ w | ð | h | ||||
| Approximant | j | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
- Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ/ are heard as prenasalized voiced-stops [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ, ᵑɡʷ] when preceding oral vowel sounds and heard as nasal sounds [m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ] when preceding nasal vowels, or in nasal positions.
- /v/ can have an allophone of [w] in free variation, and can be heard as a nasal [ɱ] when preceding a nasal vowel or consonant sound.
- /ð/ may have an allophone of [θ] when following /k/, and as [z] in free variation in word-initial positions.
- /j/ is heard with an allophone of [d͡ʒ] when in nasal positions, or when preceding or following other palatal sounds.
- /l/ may be nasalized as [l̃] when in nasal positions.[3]
References
- ^ Xokleng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- ^ Gakrán, Nanblá (2015). Elementos Fundamentais da Gramática Laklanõ. Universidade Estadual de Campinas.