List of Iron Age states

Further information: 1st millennium BC, List of Bronze Age states, and List of Classical Age states

Overview map of the world in the mid 1st millennium BC, color-coded by cultural stage:
  Palaeolithic or Mesolithic hunter-gatherers
  nomadic pastoralists
  simple farming societies
  complex farming societies/chiefdoms
  state societies
  empires
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The Iron Age is an archaeological age, the last of the three-age system of Old World prehistory. It follows the Bronze Age, in the Ancient Near East beginning c. 1200 BC, and in Europe beginning in 793. It is taken to end with the beginning of Classical Antiquity, in about the 6th century BC, although in Northern Europe, the Germanic Iron Age is taken to last until the beginning of the Viking Age, c. AD 800.

The term "Iron Age" is mostly limited to Europe, the Near East, and the Indian subcontinent, although West Africa also had iron metallurgy, beginning with the Nok culture c. 550 BC and spread by the Bantu expansion. There are also cast iron artefacts in China from about 500 BC, but use of iron was minimal, and the Bronze Age in China is usually extended to the beginning of the classical period (Qin dynasty).

Africa

State Capital/s Type Existed
Carthage Carthage Kingdom/empire 814–146 BC
D'mt Yeha Kingdom 980–650 BC
Kingdom of Kush Meroë 1070 BC – 350 AD
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt Memphis, Thebes 1069–525 BC
Egyptian Empire 1550–1069 BC
Land of Punt 2400–1069 BC
Nok culture ancient kingdom c. 550 BC – 300 AD

Americas

State Capital/s Type Existed
Chacin Chavín de Huántar 900–250 BC
Chiripa Adulis c. 13th–5th centuries BC
Mixtec civilization 1500 BC – 1523 AD
Olmec La Venta Kingdom city states 1400–400 BC
Paracas 800–100 BC
Pukara Pukara 1400 BC – 400 AD

Europe

Further information: Iron Age Europe

Greece

State Capital/s Type Existed
Arcadia Kingdom 1000–743 BC
Argolis Argos Kingdom 1200–379 BC
Athens Athens Kingdom city state 1556–683 BC
Athens Athens Republican city state 683–87 BC
Boeotia Thebes Kingdom 1100–750 BC
Corinth Corinth City state 700–338 BC
Epirus Amvrakia, Passaron, Phoenice Kingdom 1183–168 BC
Locria Amphissa, Naupactus Kingdom 1250–386 BC
Macedon Aigai, Pella Kingdom 860–146 BC
Messenia Messene Kingdom 1300–724 BC
Sparta Sparta Kingdom 950–146 BC

Italian peninsula

State Capital/s Type Existed
Alba Longa Lavinium Kingdom 1200 – 753 BC
Daunia Tribal kingdom 7th century – 89 BC
Epirus Amvrakia, Passaron, Phoenice Kingdom 1183–168 BC
Etruscans Various Kingdom 900–27 BC
Liburnia Tribal thalassocracy[1] 11th century – 34 BC
Magna Graecia Various Kingdom city states 740–89 BC
Messapia Hyria Tribal kingdom 8th century – 89 BC
Oenotria Metabon Tribal kingdom 1000–325 BC
Oscans Ausones Tribal kingdom 1000 – 4th centuries BC
Padanian Etruria Various Federated city states 9th century – 5th century BC
Kingdom of Rome Rome Kingdom 753–509 BC
Sabinum Tribal kingdom c. 760 – 494 BC
Samnium Bovianum Tribal confederation c. 600 – 82 BC

Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia

Name Capital State type Existed
Bactria Bactra Tribal kingdom/client 2140 – 550 BC
Balhara Balkh Tribal kingdom 12th century – 7th century BC
Colchis Phasis Kingdom 1300 BC – 2nd century AD
Margiana Tribal kingdom 9th century – 6th century BC
Scythia Neopolis Tribal kingdom 690 – 250 BC
Sogdia Marakanda Tribal confederation 8th century – 327 BC
Jushi kingdom (Tarim basin) Tribal kingdom city states 1st millennium BC

East Asia

Name Capital State type Existed
Âu Lạc Cổ Loa Citadel Kingdom 257 – 180 BC
Ba Yíchéng Tribal confederation 13th century – 311 BC
Cai Shàngcài), Xīncài, Xiàcài Marquisate/client 980 – 447 BC
Cao Táoqiū Dukedom/client 1053 – 487 BC
Chen Wǎnqiū Dukedom/client 1046 – 479 BC
Chu Danyang, JiangYing, JiYing, Shouchun, Viscountcy/kingdom/client 1030 – 223 BC
Deng Dengzhou Marquisate/client 1200 – 678 BC
Donghu Nomadic tribal confederation 1400 – 150 BC
Eastern Guo Dengzhou Marquisate/client 1046 – 767 BC
Gojoseon Asadal, Wanggeom-seong Kingdom 2333 – 108 BC
Guan Guan Kingdom city state 1046 – 1040 BC
Gumie Gumie Kingdom 1046 – 480 BC
Han Hancheng Marquisate/client 1046 – 764 BC
Huang Can'hu, Yicheng, Hubei Marquisate/client 891 – 648 BC
Jin Tang, Quwo, Jiang, Xintian Dukedom/client 1042 – 376 BC
Kỷ line Not specified Kingdom 853 – 755 BC
Lu Qufu Marquisate/dukedom/client 1042 – 249 BC
Pi Xuecheng Earldom/client 1046 – 418 BC
Qi Qi Dukedom 1600 – 445 BC
Qi Linzi Dukedom/client 1046 – 221 BC
Qin Qin, Quanqiu, Qian, Pingyang Marquisate/dukedom/client 858 – 221 BC
Quan Dukedom/client 1250 – 704 BC
Quanrong Nomadic Tribal Confedracy 954 – 301 BC
Shěn Shěn Earldom/marquisate 1050 – 500 BC
Shu Kingdom 1046 – 316 BC
Song Shangqiu Dukedom and vassal 1058 – 286 BC
Sui Suizhou Marquisate and client 771 – 221 BC
Sumpa Tribal chiefdom/client 1600 BC – 7th century AD
Tan Mingshui Viscountcy and vassal 1046 – 684 BC
Teng Tengzhou Viscountcy 1046 – 414 BC
Văn Lang Anyang Confederation/kingdom 2879 – 258 BC
Western Guo Yongdi, Shangyang, Xiayang Countship/dukedom 1046 – 687 BC
Wey Shangqiu Dukedom and vassal 1046 – 687 BC
Wu Gusu Dukedom and vassal 1046 – 473 BC
Xing Xingtai Marquisate/client 1046 – 632 BC
Xu Gusu Viscountacy/client 2000 – 512 BC
Yan Ji Kingdom/principality 1046 – 222 BC
Zheng Zheng, Xinzheng Kingdom 806 – 375 BC
Zhou Haojing, Luoyi Kingdom 1046 – 256 BC
Zou Viscountacy/dukedom 1012 – 350 BC

South Asia

Name Capital State type Existed
Anga Champa or Campā Kingdom 1100 – 530 BC
Asmaka Potana Kingdom 700 – 425/345 BC
Avanti Mahissati, Ujjaini Kingdom 700 – 300 BC
Āryāvarta Multiple Confederated tribal kingdoms 1750 – 600 BC
Chedi Suktimati Kingdom 1200 – 300 BC
Chola Uraiyur/Kaveripoompattinam Kingdom 600 – 110 BC
Himalaya Kingdom 600 – 322 BC
Kalinga Dantapura/Rajapura[2] Kingdom 1376 – 285 BC
Kamboja Rajapura Kingdom 1450 – 195 BC
Kuru Āsandīvat, Indraprastha Kingdom 1200 – 500 BC
Magadha Rajagriha or Rajgir Kingdom 1100 – 28 BC
Malla Kusavati, Pava Republic c. 7th century BCE–c. 4th century BCE
Matsya Viratanagara Kingdom 1400 – 350 BC
Panchala Ahichatra, Kampilya Kingdom, later republic 1100 – 400 BC
Pandya Madurai Kingdom 600 BC – 1600 AD
Pundra Pundravardhana Kingdom 1300 BC – 550 AD
Saurashtra Kingdom 950 – 355 BC
Shakya Kapilavatthu Monarchical Republic 7th–5th century BC
Sindhu-Sauvīra Vrsadarbhpura Kingdom 1000 – 518 BC
Suhma not specified Kingdom c. 8th century – 4th century BC
Surasena Methora Kingdom 700 – 300 BC
Trigarta Prasthala Kingdom 1100 – 322 BC
Vanga Gange Kingdom 700 – 300 BC
Vatsa Kauśāmbī Kingdom 1100 – 323 BC
Vidarbha Kundinapuri Kingdom 1200 – 322 BC
Vajjika League Vaishali Confederacy c. 6th century BCE – c. 468 BCE

West Asia

Anatolia

Name Capital State type Existed
Arzawa Apasa Federation 15th – 12th century BC
Arme-Shupria Van Kingdom 1290 – 1190 BC
Caria Apasa Kingdom 11th–6th century BC
Diauehi Zua, Ultu Kingdom 1118 – 760 BC
Doris Doris Kingdom 1200 – 580 BC
Hittite Empire Hattussa Empire 1600 – 1178 BC
Ionia Delos Kingdom city states 1070 – 545 BC
Lukka Tribal kingdom 2000 – 1183 BC
Lycia Xanthos, Patara Kingdom 1183 – 546 BC
Lydia Sardis Kingdom 1200 – 680 BC
Lydian Empire Sardis Empire 680 – 546 BC
Mysia Pergamene Kingdom 1320 – 301 BC[3]
Paphlagonia Gangra Kingdom 1480 – 183 BC[4]
Phrygia Kingdom 1200 – 700 BC
Sam'al Samal Principality/kingdom 1200 – 680 BC
Syro-Hittite states Various Kingdoms 1200–800 BC
Tabal Kanesh Kingdom 1180 – 609 BC
Tarhuntassa Tarhuntassa Kingdom 1350 – 1200 BC
Troas Troy Kingdom 3000 – 700 BC
Tuwanuwa Tuwanuwa Kingdom city state 1000 – 700 BC
Zabdicene Principality/client 780 BC – 5th century AD

Arabia

Name Capital State type Existed
Dilmun Qal'at Kingdom 2600 – 675 BC
Magan Kingdom 2200 – 550 BC
Qedar Adumattu Tribal confederation/client 870 BC – 250 AD
Thamud Hegea Kingdom 8th century – 500 BC

Armenian plateau

Name Capital State type Existed
Nairi Multiple Tribal confederation 1190 – 890 BC
Saparda Kingdom 720 – 670 BC
Urartu Arzashkun, Tushpa Kingdom 860 – 590 BC

Iranian plateau

Name Capital State type Existed
Elamite Empire Susa Empire 1210 – 535 BC
Ellipi Kingdom 850 – 609 BC
Ḫubuškia Kingdom 10th/9th century–??? BC
Mannai Izirtu Kingdom 1110 – 616 BC
Media Ecbatana Kingdom 750 – 678 BC
Median Empire Ecbatana Empire 678 – 549 BC
Namar Namar Kingdom 2350 – 750 BC
Parsua Tribal chiefdom/kingdom[5] 860 – 600 BC
Persis Tribal kingdom 10th century – 550 BC
Zikirti Kingdom 750 – 521 BC

Levant

Name Capital State type Existed
Ammon Rabbath Ammon Kingdom 1000 – 332 BC
Amurru kingdom Sumur Kingdom 2000–1200 BC
Aram-Damascus Damascus Kingdom 1184 – 732 BC
Aramea Tribal chiefdom's/kingdom 2300 – 700 BC
Bashan Bashan Confederation 1330 – 928 BC
Edom Rabbath Ammon Kingdom 1200 – 125 BC
Twelve Tribes of Israel Tribal confederation 1440 – 1050 BC
United Monarchy of Israel Jerusalem United Kingdom 1050 – 930 BC
Israel Samaria Kingdom 930 – 720 BC
Judah Jerusalem Kingdom 930 – 586 BC
Moab Dibon Kingdom 13th century – 400 BC
Philistia Ashdod, Ekron, Gaza Kingdom city states 1175 – 732 BC
Phoenicia Byblos, Tyre, Berytus, Sidon Kingdom city states 1800 – 539 BC

Mesopotamia

Name Capital State type Existed
Assyria Assur Kingdom 1975 – 934 BC
Assyrian Empire Assur, Nineveh, Harran Empire 911 – 612 BC
Bit-Istar Kingdom 12th century – 710 BC
Chaldea Bit Yakin Kingdom 1100 – 539 BC
Lullubi Lulubuna Tribal kingdom 2400 – 650 BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylon Empire 626 – 539 BC
Simurrum Kingdom 3rd–2nd millennium BC

Yemen

Name Capital State type Existed
Awsan Ḥajar Yaḥirr Kingdom 7th century BC – 100 AD
Hadhramaut Kingdom 700 BC – 320 AD
Haram Haram Kingdom city state 600 – 175 BC
Sabaea Ma'rib Kingdom 1100 – 275 BC

See also

References

  1. ^ "State definiation". 2014. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  2. ^ "Far East Kingdoms, South Asia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  3. ^ "Kingdoms of Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  4. ^ "Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  5. ^ Eduljee, K D. "Zoroastrian Heritage The Zagros". 2012. The Heritage Site. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
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