Matacoan languages

Matákoan
Mataguayo
Geographic
distribution		Chaco region
Linguistic classificationMataco–Guaicuru ?
  • Matákoan
Language codes
Glottologmata1289

Matacoan (also Mataguayan, Matákoan, Mataguayo, Mataco–Mataguayo, Matacoano, Matacoana) is a language family of northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and southeastern Bolivia.

Family division

Matacoan consists of four clusters of languages. The family also has a clear binary split between Wichí-Chorote and Maká-Nivaclé according to Nikulin (2019).[1] Gordon (2005) in Ethnologue divides Wichí into three separate languages and Chorote into two languages.

  • Matacoan
    • Wichí-Chorote
    • Maká-Nivaclé
      • Nivaclé (also known as Chulupí–Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Ajlujlay, Alhulhai, Niwaklé, Niwaqli, Churupi, Chulupe. The name Chulupí is common but pejorative.)
        • Forest Nivaclé
        • River Nivaclé
      • Maká (also known as Macá, Maca, Towolhi, Toothle, Nynaka, Mak’á, Enimaca, Enimaga)
        • Ma’ká (also known as Towolhi)
        • Enimaga (also known as Enimaa, Kochaboth)

Mason (1950)

Internal classification by Mason (1950):[2]

  • Mataco-Maca
    • Mataco
      • Mataco-Mataguayo
        • Mataco
          • Guisnay
          • Nocten (Octenai)
        • Mataguayo
          • Northern: Hueshuo, Pesatupe, Abucheta
          • Southern: Vejoz
      • Chorotí-Ashluslay
        • Chorotí (Yofuaha)
        • Ashluslay (Chulupí, Chonopí, Sukin, Sotiagay, Tapieté)
    • Macá (Enimagá, Cochaboth, Guaná, Lengua)
      • Enimagá
        • Macá (Towothli, Toosle)
      • Guentusé
      • Cochaboth-Lengua

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Matacoan languages.[3]

gloss Choroti Choropí Suhín Sotsiagay Ashlusláy Mataco Vejoz Nocten Guisnai Enimaga Makká
head sétek satík shutich shatish nu-xleték litek etek oːn-sleták in-hitla
tooth sá-hue huetseːute tsaute seuté no-tsoté no-chete zoté oːs-totéʔi kon-xeti
water inát naːʔate inaat inaːat inát inót guag inat inát gualé iwalü
fire houat itox itox itox itóx itóx itag ütax etáx feit fat
sun kilé nʔkoklái hankuklai fünchokʔlaai fingoklai xuála ixuala ixuala ixuála tátla xunnu
moon huelä xuékla hiuerkla xiwekla huela ihuälä iguelach iguelä ivaʔedla xuwãl
star katés katés katéss katís katäs katés ketes foʔoteki
dog nóo nuuːx niuʔux niuʔux níu sidnóx signag esinax atsüná nunnax
jaguar ayä yaáx yáox yáʔox iyox haiyüx yag eyax haróx kometenax
black lämi klím klim lim palüx pelag peláx fo

Proto-language

Major reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayo include those by Viegas Barros (2002)[4] (see the corresponding Spanish article for a list of reconstructions) and Nikulin & Carol (2024).[5]

Animal and plant names

The following reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayan animal and plant names are from Nikulin & Carol (2024).[5]

Abbreviations
  • (MN): reflexes only in Maká and Nivaclé, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level
  • (ChW): reflexes only in Chorote and Wichí, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level

Invertebrates

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*ɸátsu(ˀ)χ, *ɸátshu-ts ‘centipede’
*ɸínä(ˀ)χ ‘crab’
*ɸiˀs ‘leech’
*ɸít’i(ʔ) ~ *ɸít’ih ‘dragonfly’
*lǻp’ih ~ *lǻɸ’ih ‘snail’
*(-)ɬaʔ, *(-)ɬá-ts ‘louse’
*ɬeɬ ‘white snail’
*ˀwóså(ˀ)q ~ *ˀwóså(ˀ)k ‘butterfly’
*ʔǻnitih ‘wasp sp.’
*ʔéjaʔ (*-l) ‘mosquito’
*ɸánhaʔ ~ *ɸä́nhaʔ (*-jʰ) ‘locust’ (MN)
*sålå(ˀ)l, *sålål-its ‘middle-sized cicada’ (MN)
*ɸ(u)nájXV(ˀ)j ‘earthworm, amphisbaenian’ (ChW)
*kóˀl ‘locust’ (ChW)
*wóna(ʔ) ‘bala wasp (Polybia ruficeps) honey(comb); hat’ (ChW)

Fish

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*pxúse-naˀχ ‘bearded; gilded catfish’
*k’unhate-nhaʔ (*-jʰ) ‘pacu fish’ (MN)
*sijå(ˀ)χ, *sijåχ-its ‘fish sp.’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wǻnaˀχ, *(ˀ)wǻnha-ts ‘piranha’ (MN)
*ʔutsi(h) (*-l) ‘marbled swamp eel’ (MN)
*ʔatsXa(ʔ), *ʔatsXá-l ‘dorado’ (ChW)

Reptiles and amphibians

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*tós (*-its) ‘snake’
*ʔáɬu(ʔ) (*-ts) ‘iguana’
*ʔáɬu-taχ, *ʔáɬu-ta-ts ‘alligator’
*ʔatuˀχ ~ *ʔatúˀχ ‘snake sp.’
*ʔåˀlå ‘South American rattlesnake; caninana’
*ʔåˀlǻ-taχ ‘Argentine boa’
*ɸaxi(ˀ)j ~ *ɸäxi(ˀ)j ‘green ameiva (Ameiva ameiva)’ (MN)
*káˀlah, *káˀla-ts ‘lizard’ (ChW)
*ktáˀnih, *ktáˀni-ts ‘Chaco tortoise’ (ChW)
*s’ǻm (*-its) ‘frog sp.’
*pǻˀjih ‘frog (Leptodactylus sp.)’ (ChW)
*tǻtsna(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *tǻtsne(ˀ)χ ‘toad’ (ChW)

Birds

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*ɸaʔáj (fruit); *ɸaʔáj-uˀk, *ɸaʔáj-ku-jʰ (tree) ‘white algarrobo (Prosopis alba)’
*jit’åʔ, *jit’ǻ-l ‘turkey vulture’
*kijápo(ˀ)p ?~ *k’ijápo(ˀ)p ‘common potoo (Nyctibius griseus)’
*k’å ~ *k’ǻ ‘variable antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens)’
*k’ék’eh ‘monk parakeet’
*k’ú(t)sta(ˀ)χ, *k’ú(t)sta-ts ‘barn owl (Tyto alba)’
*mijó (*-l) ‘savannah hawk’
*ˀmók (*-its) ‘creamy-bellied thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus)’
*pǻnhajeχ ~ *pånhájeχ ~ *pånhajéχ ‘neotropic cormorant’
*påttséχ ‘jabiru’
*pí(t)staʔ ‘masked gnatcatcher’
*sát’a(ˀ)(t)s ‘parakeet sp.’
*stwúˀn, *stwún-its ‘king vulture’
*tilVχ ~ *tílVχ ~ *tilV́χ ‘white woodpecker’
*túsu(ˀ)(t)s ‘lesser yellowlegs’
*t’isåʔ ~ *t’isǻʔ (*-l) ‘cream-backed woodpecker (Campephilus leucopogon)’
*tsåhǻq (*-its) ‘chajá bird’
*tsijáʔ ?~ *ts’ijáʔ ‘caracara (Milvago sp.)’
*tsiwáɬqoɬ ‘little nightjar (Setopagis parvula)’
*tsoˀm ~ *tsóˀm ‘plush-crested jay (Cyanocorax chrysops)’
*ts’áts’ih, *ts’áts’i-l ‘rufous hornero’
*ˀwǻnXåɬåχ, *ˀwǻnXåɬå-ts ‘rhea’
*xókhajeχ ‘Muscovy duck’
*(ʔa)X₁₃útsa(ˀ)χ, *(ʔa)X₁₃útsha-ts ‘crested caracara’
*ʔáp’a(ˀ)χ ~ *ʔáɸ’a(ˀ)χ ‘jararaca’
*ʔáxaʔ ‘stork’
*ʔéle(ʔ) ‘parrot’
*ʔóɸoʔ (*-ts) ‘picazuro pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro)’
*ʔúlʔåh, *ʔúlʔå-ts ‘dove (Columbina sp.)’
*jinqå-(ju)ˀk, *jinqå-ku-jʰ (tree); *jinqåˀ-p, *jinqå-p-its (season) ‘white algarrobo (Prosopis alba)’ (MN)
*kómiʔ ‘Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis)’ (MN)
*teχ (*-its) ‘parrot sp.’ (MN)
*på(ˀ)q ‘kind of zorzal (Turdus sp.)’ (ChW)
*qatsíwo(ʔ) ‘limpkin’ (ChW)
*silóʔtåɸV(ʔ) ?~ *siwóʔtåɸe(ʔ) ‘Caatinga puffbird’ (ChW)
*spú(ˀ)p ‘dove’ (ChW)
*stǻɸe(ʔ) ‘Chaco chachalaca’ (ChW)
*wóp’ih ~ *wóɸ’ih ?~ *móp’ih ~ *móɸ’ih ‘snowy egret, great egret’ (ChW)
*wósak’V(ˀ)t ‘red-crested cardinal’ (ChW)

Mammals

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*jiˀjåˀX₁₂ ‘jaguar’
*kɸá(t)s’i(ʔ) ‘Molina's hog-nosed skunk’
*k’alxó, *k’alxó-ts ‘southern three-banded armadillo’
*ˀlä́jX₂₃VnåX₁₃å ‘Azara's night monkey’
*me(ʔ) ~ *mé(ʔ) ‘otter’
*núʔuh, *núʔu-ts ‘dog’
*ˀnjǻnxteʔ ‘Chacoan mara (cavy), tapeti’
*slǻqha(ˀ)j, *slǻqhaj-its ‘wild cat’
*sˀwúla(ˀ)χ, *sˀwúla-ts ‘anteater’
*tänúk (*-its) ‘feline’ (‘cat’ in the contemporary languages)
*xéjåʔ (*-l) ‘bat’
*ʔámʔåh, *ʔámʔå-ts ‘rat’
*ʔáqåtse(ˀ)χ ‘kind of armadillo’
*ʔáwu(C)tseχ ‘Chacoan peccary; collared peccary’
*ʔuwáɬe(ˀ)χ ?~ *C’uwáɬe(ˀ)χ ‘puma’
*ʔVláʔah, *ʔVláʔa-ts ‘lesser grison’
*ʔåɸínaˀχ, *ʔåɸínha-ts ‘black howler’ (MN)
*him (*-its) ‘coati’ (MN)
*jiʔixåtaχ, *jiʔixåta-ts ‘ocelot’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wawo(h) (*-l) ‘maned wolf’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wq’am ~ *(ˀ)wq’äm ‘white-eared opossum’ (MN)
*ʔåχtinaˀχ, *ʔåχtinha-ts ‘marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus)’ (MN)
*ʔujhVl ‘otter sp.’ (MN)
*níltsa(ˀ)X₁₂, *níltsX₁₃a-ts ‘white-lipped peccary’ (ChW)
*Xmáwoh; *Xmáwo-taχ, *Xmáwo-ta-ts ‘fox’ (ChW)

Plants

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*ɸtsǻna(ˀ)χ ‘Baccharis sp.’
*ɸts-uˀk, collective *ɸis-kat ‘Copernicia alba palm’
*kéɬχa-juˀk, *kéɬχa-jku-jʰ ‘red quebracho (Schinopsis balansae)’
*khǻt (fruit); *khǻt-uˀk, *khǻt-ku-jʰ (plant) ‘cactus’
*lä́tseni(ʔ) (fruit); *lä́tsen-uˀk, *lä́tsen-ku-jʰ (tree) ‘chañar (Geoffroea decorticans)’
*lóta-(ju)ˀk ‘iscayante tree (for making bows)’
*náwa(ˀ)x ‘cactus sp.’
*néwo(ˀ)k ‘wild manioc (Marsdenia castillonii)’
*sát-uˀk, *sát-ku-jʰ ‘lecherón tree (Sapium haematospermum)’
*sóp’wa(-ta)-juˀk, *sóp’wa(-ta)-jku-jʰ ‘caspi zapallo (Pisonia zapallo)’
*sténi(ʔ) (fruit); *stén-uˀk (tree) ‘white quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco)’
*tsänúˀk ‘duraznillo (Ruprechtia triflora)’
*tsóɸa (fruit) ‘Maytenus vitis-idaea’
*tsóɸa-taχ (fruit); *tsóɸa-ta-(ju)ˀk (tree) ‘Lycium americanum’
*wák’a(ʔ) (fruit); *wák’a-juˀk, *wák’a-jku-jʰ (tree) ‘guayacán (Libidibia paraguariensis)’
*wátå(ˀ)χ (fruit); *wáth(å-j)uˀk (tree) ‘palo flojo (Albizia inundata or Enterolobium contortisiliquum)’
*wijeʔ ‘cactus (Bromelia serra)’
*wósitseχ (fruit); *wósits-uˀk, *wósits(e)-ku-jʰ ‘Prosopis nigra’
*xélå(ˀ)X₁₂ (fruit), *xélå-juˀk (tree) ‘plant sp.’
*xunxátaχ (fruit); *xunxáta-(ju)ˀk (tree) ‘tusca (Acacia aroma)’
*xunxáta-kat (grove) ‘tusca (Acacia aroma)’
*X₁₃óˀk ‘Bulnesia sarmientoi’
*ʔaX₁₃ǻje(ˀ)χ (fruit); *ʔaX₁₃ǻj-uˀk, *ʔaX₁₃ǻj-ku-jʰ (tree) ‘mistol (Ziziphus mistol)’
*ʔǻl(V)tse(ˀ)χ, *ʔǻl(V)tse-ts ‘cháguar (Bromelia urbaniana = Deinacanthon urbanianum)’
*ʔǻnhajeχ (bean); *ʔǻnhaj-uˀk (plant); *ʔǻnhaje-ˀp (season) ‘Capparis retusa’
*ʔåtits ~ *ʔåtíts ~ *ʔåtets ~ *ʔåtéts ‘wild pepper’
*ɸinåk, *ɸinhå-jʰ ‘tobacco’ (MN)
*låttsiki-juˀk, *låttsiki-ku-jʰ ‘willow’ (MN)
*samto-ˀk ‘bamboo (Guadua angustifolia)’ (MN)
*tsaqaq ~ *-ä- ‘plant sp.’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wut ‘a bushy leguminous plant’ (MN)
*xoxaw-uˀk ?~ *xoxi-juˀk, *-ku-jʰ ‘Tabebuia nodosa tree’ (MN)
*ʔåthajeχ (fruit); *ʔåthaj-uˀk, *ʔåthaj-ku-jʰ (tree) (*-hä-) ‘molle plant’ (MN)
*ʔomhatäk (fruit); *ʔomhatä-(ju)ˀk, *ʔomhatä-ku-jʰ (tree) (~ *-hä-) ‘queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana)’ (MN)
*ɸálawuˀk ‘strangler vine (Morrenia odorata)’ (ChW)
*ɸílå(ˀ)X₁₂ ‘Solanum sp.’ (ChW)
*ktéta(ʔ) ~ *ktä́ta(ʔ) (fruit); *ktéta-(ju)k ~ *ktä́ta-juk (tree) ‘Prosopis elata’ (ChW)
*kutsá(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *kutsé(ˀ)χ ?~ *k’utsá(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *k’utsé(ˀ)χ ‘cháguar (Bromelia hieronymi)’ (ChW)
*stá(ˀ)X (fruit); *stá-ˀq (plant) ‘Stetsonia coryne cactus’ (ChW)
*tsémɬå(ˀ)k ~ *tsä́mɬå(ˀ)k ‘silk floss tree’ (ChW)
*tsu(ˀ)X ?~*ts’u(ˀ)X (fruit); *tsuX-uk ?~ *ts’uX-uk (tree) ‘sachamembrillo (Capparis tweediana)’ (ChW)
*ʔaté(ˀ)k ~ *ʔatä́(ˀ)k ‘cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina) or vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia)’ (ChW)

References

  1. ^ Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
  2. ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  3. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  4. ^ Viegas Barros, Pedro. 2002. Fonología del Proto-Mataguayo: Las fricativas dorsales. Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.), Current Studies on South American Languages [Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 137-148. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
  5. ^ a b Nikulin A, Carol J (2024). Historical phonology of Mataguayan (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13907413. ISBN 9783961104741.

Bibliography

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Fabre, Alain (2005). "Los Mataguayo". (Online version: http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Mataguayo.pdf)
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