Western Daly languages
| Western Daly | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Daly River region, northern Australia | 
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families | 
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | west2434 | 
|  The Daly languages (color), among the other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey) | |
| .png)   Western Daly | |
The Western Daly languages are a small family of Australian aboriginal languages that share common grammatical forms. They are:
- Western Daly
- Maranunggu (Emmi; Menhthe dialect)
- Marrithiyel (Bringen: Marri Ammu, Marritjevin, Marridan, Marramanindjdji dialects)
- Marri Ngarr (Magati-ge dialect)
 
Vocabulary
The following basic vocabulary items are from Tryon (1968).[1]
| no. | gloss | Tangural | Marengar | Nganygit | Marithiel | Maretyabin | Maredan | Manda | Ame | Maranunggu | Maramanandji | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | head | piye | ᵽuŋïdït | piye | piye | piye | piye | piya | piyæ | piya | pœye | 
| 2 | hair | pimær | mar | pimæR | pimæR | pimɛr | pimær | mæR | mæR | mæR | maR | 
| 3 | eyes | mïre | mi | mïre | mïre | mïre | mïre | mɔ | mïre | mïre | mïre | 
| 4 | nose | yæn | yɛn | yæn | yæn | yæn | yæn | yin | yiɳ | yin | yæn | 
| 5 | ear | čæŋe | taŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čaŋe | 
| 6 | tooth | diyæR | dæR | diyær | diyær | diyær | diyær | diR | diR | diR | dær | 
| 7 | tongue | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋïnïnïŋ | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋaldïre | ŋaldïre | ŋaldïredïre | ŋalŋɛɲaŋ | 
| 8 | shoulder | kaRe | kaRe | kaRe | kaRe | tæbæræn | kaRe | mïnmæ | kaRa | kaRa | kaRe | 
| 9 | elbow | pipæn | pipæn | pipæn | pipæn | pipen | pipæn | pœndœr | pœndur | pœndœr | ᵽipæn | 
| 10 | hand | punde | punde | punde | punde | punde | mure | neyuŋgɔ | nuŋgɔ | neyuŋgur | mure | 
| 11 | breasts | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yiŋe | yiŋe | yiŋe | yæŋe | 
| 12 | back | tade | tade | tade | tade | tade | ʈade | tade | dædi | dæde | tade | 
| 13 | belly | maɖe | maRe | wuyan | maɖe | maɖe | maɖe | mare | mari | dluR | maɖe | 
| 14 | navel | tædir | čædɛR | tædɛR | tædir | tædir | tædir | tïdiR | tidiR | tɛdɛR | čædir | 
| 15 | heart | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | miriǰun | mïrœǰœn | miriǰun | mardečæmbɛr | 
| 16 | urine | wïǰɛde | wiɖe | wuǰïde | wuyɛde | wïjɛde | wiyeɖe | aǰawa | aǰawa | aǰawa | wirte | 
| 17 | excrete | wiyæn | wæn | wuyan | wuyan | wuyæn | wuyæn | wun | wun | wun | pænmœr | 
| 18 | thigh | puwa | ᵽa | lambɔ | puwa | puwa | puwa | lumbɔ | lumbɔ | taR | ᵽa | 
| 19 | leg | wœraŋ | waŋ | wuraŋ | wuraŋ | wuraŋ | wuraŋ | taR | aRa | aRa | wuraŋ | 
| 20 | knee | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | piŋgar | pïŋgaR | pïŋgara | ᵽœræŋge | 
| 21 | foot | pære | ᵽære | pære | pæRe | pære | pære | kumbu | kumbɔ | kumbu | ᵽære | 
| 22 | skin | dærepïre | ʈadebe | dærepïre | dærepïre | dærepïre | dærepïri | dærepoyɲ | dæreƀïriɲ | dærepïriɲ | ædædeᵽïre | 
| 23 | fat | naye | alayiR | laye | anaye | anaye | anaye | rare | ræri | rære | adluŋar | 
| 24 | blood | wuRkïrïm | wuRkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | purwur | purwur | wulkïrïm | 
| 25 | bone | mowa | balkum | mowa | amowa | mowa | mowa | mɔ | mɔ | mɔ | amma | 
| 26 | man | mære | mamæ | mære | mære | mære | mære | kandɔ | kandœr | kandɔ | maRe | 
| 27 | woman | mukɔ | mɔmɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | pægɔ | ᵽæke | 
| 28 | father | teða | yita | teða | tiða | čeða | tiga | nila | nila | nila | ŋaða | 
| 29 | mother | kïla | kila | killa | kïdla | kïdla | kidla | agila | ala | ala | ala | 
| 30 | grandmother | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋgale | makale | mæŋgale | maŋga | 
| 31 | policeman | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dæR | dæR | dukyaŋana | duknïne | 
| 32 | spear | čænde | čande | čande | čænde | čænde | čænde | čïnda | čïnda | čïnda | čænde | 
| 33 | woomera | kalan | kalan | kalan | manbuk | kalan | manbuk | mænbuk | mænbœk | manbuk | purɛnǰɛč | 
| 34 | boomerang | kuɲïŋïɲ | wïnǰiŋgiɲ | kunǰïŋïɲ | kunǰuŋuɲ | kunǰuŋuɲ | kunǰuŋuɲ | wïɲiŋgïɲ | wiɲiŋgiɲ | wïɲïŋgïɲ | wïɲïŋgïɲ | 
| 35 | nullanulla | magulpe | yæleðawaR | pæmbæl | magulbe | magulbɔ | magulpe | mïčïwuR | mitiwuR | magulba | magulᵽa | 
| 36 | hair-belt | pimæR | maR | pimæR | pimæR | pimɛr | pimæR | mæR | kurarɛR | mæR | maR | 
| 37 | canoe | čaiwɔ | čarɔ | wutïŋge | čalwɔ | wutïŋge | čalwɔ | wutïŋge | wutïŋgi | čalwɔ | čalwɔ | 
| 38 | axe | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | pïriri | mæmæ | malawuR | 
| 39 | dilly bag | wuRgïde | wiride | wuRgïde | wuRgïde | wungïde | wungïde | wargade | waRgade | waRgïde | wurgïde | 
| 40 | fire | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | yimiɲ | yimiɲ | yimiɲ | čanǰe | 
| 41 | smoke | taŋgade | wanɛrɛk | čamɔ | čamɔ | čamɔ | čamɔ | čumɔ | čumɔ | čomɔ | čanǰamɔ | 
| 42 | water | wude | wurde | wude | wude | wude | wude | wuda | wuda | wuda | wurde | 
| 43 | cloud | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | pœra | pœræ | wœŋœ | wæŋe | 
| 44 | rainbow | tædemæl | aʈademær | tædimæl | adademæl | apulipuli | aʈædimæl | taRwæn | dædimæn | pulipuli | čɛrwïn | 
| 45 | barramundi | amade | amade | čandawure | amade | amade | amade | made | madi | made | æmæde | 
| 46 | sea | puraŋaŋ | kïčæR | puraŋaŋ | pureŋaŋ | puraŋaŋ | puraŋaŋ | pœRmæ | wutaR | wutaR | wurde nædær | 
| 47 | river | diyære | wurde punde | pundæǰe | pædær | pædær | pædær | paŋande | pæra | pædær | pædær | 
| 48 | stone | karɛlla | karala | karella | karɛdla | karɛdla | karella | ŋurin | ŋuRwin | karawala | karawala | 
| 49 | ground | pïdlak | ᵽœrak | pidlak | pïdlak | pïdlak | pïdlak | mæɳær | mænæR | pïdlam | wæɲir | 
| 50 | track | tæmæreduk | mure kunduk | pære | nælæn | pære | tæmbæde | ænmæ | ænmæ | æmæ | nælæn | 
| 51 | dust | pænne | ᵽænne | pæɳe | pænne | pænne | pænne | wuɲir | pœnœ | pœnœ | ᵽænne | 
| 52 | sun | pande | ᵽande | pande | pande | pande | pande | kæɲmær | kaɲmæR | keyïk | ᵽande | 
| 53 | moon | pïŋgal | mïrærmïn | pïŋgal | pïŋgal | pïŋgal | pïŋgal | piŋgal | pïŋgal | alamuɲ | ᵽïŋgal | 
| 54 | star | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | pænæɲaba | pænænǰibæ | mœrœ | yæwi | 
| 55 | night | niče | niče | čuwaŋanan | čuwaŋanan | čuwaŋanan | niče | ŋupæl | ŋupæl | ŋupær | niče | 
| 56 | tomorrow | ničiŋane | ničiŋane | ničiŋane | ničiŋane | ničïŋane | ničiŋane | yaruŋoya | yæruŋoya | yære | ničiŋane | 
| 57 | today | yæŋe | yæŋe | nïmbene | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yaŋɔ | yaŋɔ | kuǰala | yaŋe | 
| 58 | big | kapïdl | kïdlïŋa | kapïl | kapïdl | kapïl | kapïl | ᵽal | dukanǰiye | puwal | kapïl | 
| 59 | possum | poyïre | aƀɔ | puyïre | apoyïre | abwiyɛre | abwiyɛre | paraɲ | paraɲ | paɲ | aᵽïri | 
| 60 | dog | wačæn | wačan | wačan | wæčan | wačæn | wayčan | mičirim | mïčirim | mi | yidïn | 
| 61 | tail | yære | yære | yare | yære | ayære | yære | yire | yire | yire | yære | 
| 62 | meat | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awa | awa | awa | awɔ | 
| 63 | snake | akowan | akwan | kabul | amalïka | amalika | amalika | damunu | dæminæ | awamala | æmæle | 
| 64 | red kangaroo | waǰuwaraŋ | awardewaŋ | pœraŋ | awæǰuwuraŋ | awaduwuraŋ | awaduwuraŋ | manaRk | manaRk | manaRk | ayɛme | 
| 65 | porcupine | mirïde | amɛrïde | mïrïde | amɛrïde | amɛrïde | æmɛrïde | mobunïŋga | nïminïŋač | mænɛŋɛč | æmɛrïde | 
| 66 | emu | mučir | amučir | mučir | amučir | amučir | amučir | ŋurǰe | ŋurǰe | ŋurǰe | kumurunǰɛn | 
| 67 | crow | awak | awak | wak | awak | awak | awak | wak | wak | awawak | amœlkir | 
| 68 | goanna | mundïŋïr | awoyidl | mundɛŋɛr | ämandeŋɛr | amundeŋir | amundiŋir | ŋaran | ŋaRan | ŋaran | amoyčɛŋɛr | 
| 69 | blue tongue lizard | wiyære | awære | wiyare | awiyære | awiyære | awiyære | wiri | wiRi | wure | æƀære | 
| 70 | mosquito | wïnŋadl | aǰimbæk | wïnŋal | awïnŋadl | awïnŋal | awïnŋal | pute | pute | pɔte | aƀuče | 
| 71 | sugar-bag | čæmæræ | awapïn | čamara | čæmæRæ | čæmæræ | čæmæræ | kogun | kogun | kogun | ᵽiŋgïlǰa | 
| 72 | camp | nidin | wuye | nidin | nidin | nidin | nidïn | yœya | yœya | wœwæ | yïdlïbe | 
| 73 | black | čikïm | čikam | čïkïm | čïkïm | čikïm | čikïm | čuŋara | čuŋara | čipmæ | čikïm | 
| 74 | white | bogam | bogam | pæǰir | bogam | bogam | abogam | bi | bi | kaɲaboy | kïŋïpboy | 
| 75 | red | čïdïnwïdl | panetiRŋar | wurewure | wurewure | wurewure | kanetïrŋal | wurewure | wurewure | woyčpïn | birkïm | 
| 76 | one | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnge | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnǰe | ŋande | ŋandi | ŋanðawaɲ | ŋænǰeƀæ | 
| 77 | two | čičukune | čičuk | čičukune | čičukune | čičukune | čičukune | meyida | meyiǰa | meyïdiɲ | ᵽiɲɛde | 
| 78 | when? | kumænbæ | kumænbæ | kumænbæ | kumunbæ | kumænbæ | kumænbæya | mœndœnœ | mœndœ | mœndœtɔ | kumïnbæ | 
| 79 | what? | nïnǰæ | yipæ | anǰa | nïnǰa | ninǰæ | ninǰæ | mændæ | æme | anǰe | mananǰe | 
| 80 | who? | ŋïnïmbæ | ŋïnïmbæ | ŋïnïmba | ŋïnïmba | ŋïnïmba | yïnïmba | amba | aƀa | aba | kïnïmbæ | 
| 81 | I | yegɛn | yin | yegɛn | yigɛn | yegɛn | yegɛn | ŋaɲ | ŋæɲ | ŋaɲ | yegɛn | 
| 82 | you | naɲ | niɲ | naɲ | naɲ | naɲ | naɲ | nina | nina | nina | naɲ | 
| 83 | he | naŋ | naŋ | naŋǰe | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | nuŋɔ | nagurin | nanguɲ | naŋ | 
| 84 | grass | palle | ᵽare | palle | wære | wære | wære | yœrœ | yœrœ | wœrœ | wære | 
| 85 | vegetable food | miye | miye | miye | miye | miye | miye | miya | miya | meya | meye | 
| 86 | tree | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tæwæR | tawaR | tawaR | θawuR | 
| 87 | leaf | marir | marir | muliŋe | mulïŋe | mulïŋe | muliŋe | kalgal | kalgal | kalgal | yirɛn | 
| 88 | pandanus | miɖæn | miɖæn | mïɖan | miɖæn | miɖan | čaŋača | yaRa | yæRa | yæRa | čiŋe | 
| 89 | ironwood | mawuɲ | čœwe | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | 
| 90 | ripe | wiyæɲme | wæɲme | woyaɲme | wuyæɲme | woyaɲme | wiyæɲme | wuɲmæ | wuɲmæ | wuɲmɔ | miƀæŋmïr | 
| 91 | good | kate | kate | kate | kate | kate | kate | nadla | nælæ | nadla | agate | 
| 92 | bad | wïnǰæne | wïnǰæn | wïnǰæne | wïnǰæne | wïnǰæne | winǰæne | wæǰir | wæǰir | wærɛk | wurak | 
| 93 | blind | kulluk | mïdle | kulluk | kudlïk | kudlïk | kudlïk | piyamɔ | kulluk | kuluk | mïričara | 
| 94 | deaf | ŋamama | ambutaŋ | ŋamama | ŋamama | ŋamama | ŋamama | ŋæmæmæ | ŋamæmæ | ŋæmæmæ | ŋamama | 
| 95 | saliva | čidærwil | wurdenaŋar | čïdalwidl | čidalwïdl | čidalwïl | čidalwïl | diribæl | dirƀæl | diralk | čædalue | 
See also
References
- ^ Tryon, Darrell T. "The Daly River Languages: A Survey". In Aguas, E.F. and Tryon, D. editors, Papers in Australian Linguistics No. 3. A-14:21-49. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1968. doi:10.15144/PL-A14.21
- Tryon, D. T. (1968). "The Daly River languages: a survey". Papers in Australian Linguistics. 3: 21–36.
- Tryon, D. T. (1974). Daly family languages, Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.